Here are some of the biggest breakthroughs mentioned in the provided references:
Exascale Simulations for SARS-CoV-2:
Conducted exascale simulations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, revealing dramatic spike opening and cryptic pockets, which have implications for drug design and understanding viral infectivity (Zimmerman et al., 2021) .
Ab Initio Protein Folding Simulations:
Achieved molecular simulations of ab initio protein folding for the NTL9 protein, providing insights into the protein folding process (Voelz et al., 2010) .
Markov State Models for Protein Dynamics:
Developed Markov State Models (MSMs) to study protein folding kinetics and dynamics, providing a framework to understand protein conformational changes over long timescales (Bowman et al., 2009; Lane et al., 2011) .
RNA Polymerase II Dynamics:
Investigated the dynamics of RNA polymerase II translocation at atomic resolution, elucidating mechanisms of transcription elongation (Silva et al., 2014) .
Ligand Modulation of GPCR Activation:
Used cloud-based simulations to reveal how ligands modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation pathways, advancing the understanding of GPCR function and drug targeting (Kohlhoff et al., 2014) .
Nanotube Confinement Effects on Proteins:
Demonstrated that nanotube confinement can denature protein helices, providing insights into the effects of nanoscale environments on protein structure (Sorin & Pande, 2006) .
Simulation and Experiment in Protein Folding:
Combined simulation and experimental approaches to reveal slow unfolded-state structuring in acyl-CoA binding protein folding, highlighting the interplay between simulations and experiments (Voelz et al., 2012) .
Advances in Markov State Models:
Improved coarse-graining and adaptive sampling techniques in MSMs, enhancing the modeling of biomolecular dynamics (Bowman, 2012; Zimmerman et al., 2018) .
Insights into Allosteric Sites:
Identified potential cryptic allosteric sites within folded proteins using equilibrium fluctuation analysis, suggesting new targets for drug discovery (Bowman & Geissler, 2012) .
GPCR Activation Pathways:
Revealed ligand modulation of GPCR activation pathways through extensive simulations, providing insights into receptor function (Kohlhoff et al., 2014) .
Here is an AI based summary of top breakthroughs:
Here are some of the biggest breakthroughs mentioned in the provided references:
Exascale Simulations for SARS-CoV-2:
Ab Initio Protein Folding Simulations:
Markov State Models for Protein Dynamics:
RNA Polymerase II Dynamics:
Ligand Modulation of GPCR Activation:
Nanotube Confinement Effects on Proteins:
Simulation and Experiment in Protein Folding:
Advances in Markov State Models:
Insights into Allosteric Sites:
GPCR Activation Pathways: