France still has one. It’s called CB (Carte Bleue) and is working alongside Visa and Mastercard. Notoriously, some years ago Visa was down for a day and it impacted lots of countries except France because everyone fell back to the CB Network.

No, I have regularly the same experience on my own Linux laptop when I want to log in to check emails on Outlook Web. It has to do with left over cookies, because from a private window it works. It’s simple incompetence from Microsoft not being able to handle this.